Courts must act on facts, and judges and juries make decisions based on these facts. When they find blood, microscopic or otherwise, particularly in high-risk individuals like smokers, physicians often next do a urine test to look for cancer cells, ultrasound or CT imaging of the urinary tract, as well as cystoscopy, where they can actually see the urinary tract, including the bladder lining, the prostate in males and the urethra.
Considering the average prevalence of urinary tract infection as at 10%, with a confidence coefficient of 95%, margin of error of 5%, stratified sampling per vet urine analyzer health unit considering the coefficient of 0.1371 and the total of 1006 pregnant women receiving care, the minimum sample size calculated was 138 patients.

Chernesky M, Jang D, Krepel J, Sellors J, Mahony J. Impact of reference standard sensitivity on accuracy of rapid antigen detection assays and a leukocyte esterase dipstick for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in first-void urine specimens from men.
Cloudy urine can also be caused by the presence of white blood cells, indicating significant infection (bacterial or fungal), the passage of large quantities of protein in certain types of kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome), or simply contamination of the specimen at the time of collection (ointment, talcum powder, etc.). In all of these situations, it is the other urine test data that is useful (proteins, nitrites, microscopic analysis).
One to two ounces of urine—a sufficient sample is required for accurate results; sometimes you may be directed to collect a sample using a "clean-catch" technique: women should spread the labia of the vagina and clean from front to back; men should wipe the tip of the penis.

There are often cases when blood in urine is not even visible; many people who have sent their samples to the laboratory to investigate other symptoms where surprised to learn about it. The more advanced stage is when urine gets a reddish or brownish color, which often seems highly alarming on discovery.
The Chlamydia Rapid Test showed an overall unresolved sensitivity of 81.8% and a positive predictive value of 84.1%. At the young people's sexual health centre (site 1), where the prevalence of chlamydial infection was only 4.4%, the positive predictive value of the Chlamydia Rapid Test was significantly lower (69.2 v 88.9%) than that at the genitourinary medicine clinic (site 2), where the prevalence of infection was 11.9%, although there was a slight overlap in the 95% confidence intervals for the two sites.
Abnormal: Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia ), alcoholism, or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol (isopropanol). I particularly liked the tables (45 causes of hematuria and 37 causes of proteinuria), widening one's differential from just a kidney stone and cancer to such bizarre things such as IG nephropathy and Goodpasture's disease.

ImmunoCyt: This test looks at cells in the urine for the presence of substances such as mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which are often found on cancer cells. If your urine is being tested only for a urinalysis, you can eat and drink normally before the test.
For example, urine infection is generally diagnosed based on results of urinalysis. Certain foods and drugs ingested before or during the collection of a urine specimen can interfere with the accurate results of some tests. If blood is present, a doctor may order additional testing to determine the underlying cause.
When you are diagnosed with high blood pressure, your doctor or nurse will probably wish to carry out a simple test of your urine to check how well your kidneys and other organs are working. Your doctor will usually provide you with a large container that holds about 1 gal (4 L) and has a small amount of preservative in it. Urinate into a smaller, clean container, and then pour the urine into the large container.